Internal security of India
- Part 1 -

Aribam Uttam Sharma *

Initially, India was more concerned about the external threats posed by China and Pakistan, but now it is also concerned about a variety of internal security risks posed by growing dissatisfaction among some sections of the population. Both are necessary, and a united, peaceful country can face foreign problems confidently and effectively.

The loss of our federal framework, rising economic disparities, and the rise of communalism are just a few of the difficulties that India is dealing today. Each produces societal divisions, resulting in a ready pool of manpower and resources that may be easily manipulated and exploited by outside organisations, posing serious internal security risks.

Internal security is the act of establishing and maintaining peace within a Nation's boundaries by upholding National law and order and defending its citizens against internal security threats. It is up to authorities ranging from police to paramilitary forces, and in extreme cases, the military itself, to keep it safe.

Domestic dangers and challenges from across international borders have taken many forms, including ethnic insurrection, militancy, and terrorism, all of which have weakened and destroyed the country. India is increasing its power and expertise to eliminate the source of threats, but it must be remembered that new sources emerge at a quick pace.

The majority of India's internal security issues are State-centric. Beginning with sponsored separatist militancy in Jammu and Kashmir, racial and cultural instability in North Eastern provinces, bloodshed in Punjab, Maoist threats expanding over the eastern shore, and others, this has been pervasive since 1947.

While some of these are funded and financed by outside sources, others are the result of political incompetence, poor governance, and corruption. The current condition of affairs in the States is far from desirable.

India has faced numerous security challenges since its independence. No other country, developing or developed, is confronted with the problems and risks that India faces. Internal security challenges are those that occur within the country; in India, the MHA (Ministry of Home Affairs) is responsible for internal security.

Internal security issues in the country are dealt with by the CAPF (Central Armed Police Force), paramilitary force, and different state police forces. The following are the major threats to India's internal security: a) Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir; b) Northeast Insurgency; c) Left Wing Extremism (LWE).

Jammu and Kashmir Insurgency : The root of the Kashmir crisis lies in the India-Pakistan hostility. India had fought four wars against Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Three of the four wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the status of Kashmir. However, the main concern in the Kashmir issue is the rise of the ethnoreligious insurgent movement.

The armed separatist movement started in Kashmir in 1989. The main cause of the Kashmir insurgency is the rigging of the 1987 State election. The daughter of the then Union Home Minister, Dr Rubiya Sayeed was kidnapped by some members of the JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) on December 8, 1989.

Dozens of insurgents group emerged and wreaked havoc throughout the Kasmir Valley. The strength of the Kashmir militant was at its peak during the year 1990-1995. The main insurgent group includes the JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front), and the radical Islamic and Pro-Pakistani groups HUM (Hizb-ul-Mujahideen), Hizbollah, Harkat-ul-Ansar, and Ikhwanul Muslimeen.

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The same year, Rashtriya Rifles, an elite unit of the army specializing in counterinsurgency operations was also created. In 1994, the local police were activated. A specialized group of police, the Special Operations Group (SOG) 20 was also set up; it was to assume a major role in the counterinsurgency operations after the mid-1990s.

Many militants also started to surrender to the security forces, many of the surrendered militants were rehabilitated. While Pakistan continues to support militants groups fighting against the Indian Government. In addition, the Indian Government has begun to alter its approach to combating militancy in Kashmir. The new approach was more holistic, with the goal of gaining people's support.

Recognizing the difficulty of restoring political governance in the current situation, India's Government sought to create favourable conditions. It released several political prisoners who had been held for a long time to send a message to Kashmir about a shift in strategy. At the same time, the issue of Kashmiri alienation was brought up. In Kashmir, the Indian Government is also involved in a number of development projects. Kashmir has seen a decrease in violence over the years.

The Indian Government recently repealed Articles 370 and 35A, which granted Jammu and Kashmir special status. India's leaders contend that these measures are necessary to clean up the “mess” in Kashmir and dismantle a system that has fostered separatism, radicalization, militancy, corruption, and underdevelopment, according to them.

Although the situation in Kashmir appears to be calm, this may be deceiving. Because cross-border infiltration has become extremely difficult due to the Indian army's tightened grip on the Line of Control, the insurgency in Kashmir has become more localised.

Foreign Islamist militants were outnumbered by locally recruited Kashmiri militants from educated, middle-class backgrounds. Though these militants were less effective militarily, they were instrumental in rallying public support for separatism. The limited weapon supply is the main reason that prevented the resentment in Kashmir from swelling into a mass insurgency.


To be continued ....