Meitei eschatological beliefs and ethnic struggles

Dr Raj Singh *

Introduction

Eschatology, the theological study of the end times or the ultimate destiny of humanity has profoundly influenced human societies. While often providing spiritual hope, it can also shape collective identities and inter-ethnic relations, sometimes leading to division and conflict.

In the North Eastern Indian State of Manipur, the eschatological beliefs of the Meitei community—rooted in their traditional cosmology—play a significant role in shaping Meitei nationalism and inter- ethnic tensions. This article examines these beliefs and their potential implications for coexistence, taking into account both historical and contemporary perspectives.

Eschatology in Human Societies

Throughout history, the concept of the end of the world, often accompanied by the promise of a new beginning, has been a central theme in many of the world’s religions and spiritual traditions.

From apocalyptic visions to cosmic cycles, the eschatological beliefs of various faiths reflect humanity’s enduring fascination with the ultimate fate of existence. Despite differences in interpretation, these beliefs share a common thread: the idea that the end of the world is not just a termination but a transition to something new—whether it be a spiritual awakening, a purified existence, or a rebirth of the cosmos. Almost all religions and minor ethnic faiths have eschatological beliefs as listed below:

1) Christianity : The Book of Revelation describes an apocalyptic battle of humankind with wars, pestilence, natural disasters etc. followed by a ‘new heaven and a new earth’
2) Islam: The concept of Qiyamah (Day of Judgment) involves the destruction of physical world and resurrection of all souls and divine judgment.
3) Hinduism: The cyclical Yuga system predicts the end of Kali Yuga with global destruction, followed by a renewal ushered in by Lord Kalki.
4) Buddhism: The decline of Dharma will culminate in the emergence of the future Buddha, Maitreya.
5) Judaism : The coming of the Messiah will involve a time of tribulation followed by restoration of Israel and divine rule.
6) Zoroastrianism: Frashokereti envisions a fight between forces of good led by Ahura Mazda and the Evil embodied by Angra Mainyu with the ultimate victory of good and the purification of the universe.
7) Indigenous Beliefs: Various Native American and other Indigenous traditions like those of – Hopi, Lakota, the Mayan people, Navajo, and Cherokee describe cycles of destruction and renewal, often linked to environmental and social disruptions.

Meitei Eschatological Beliefs

The Meitei Puyas (sacred scriptures) contain eschatological prophecies that are central to their worldview. Important texts such as Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok and Shakok Lamlen; messages from Meitei Maichous like Lourembam Khongnang Thaba detail predictions about the decline and revival of Meitei culture, language, and faith. Some key eschatological themes include:

1. Decline of Indigenous Faith : The arrival of foreign religions is predicted to erode Meitei spiritual traditions (Sanamahism) and script (Meitei Mayek), disrupting the sacred connection between the people and their ancestral deities.
2. Environmental Calamities : Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes are seen as omens of an ending era, symbolizing disharmony between humans and nature.
3. Cultural Revival : After a period of struggle and foreign influence, Meitei traditions and religion will experience a resurgence, restoring the lost equilibrium.
4. Moral and Spiritual Decay : A time of severe moral degradation, marked by corruption, dishonesty, and social strife, will precede the renewal of a just and harmonious society.
5. Symbolism of the Gates: The ‘closing of the western gate’ and ‘opening of the eastern gate’ signify shifting cultural and geopolitical orientations, often interpreted as a return to Meitei roots and a disengagement from external influences.
6. Disturbance in Cosmic Balance: The imbalance between Salai Taret (seven clans) and Lai Taret (seven deities) symbolizes disharmony in society, which must be rectified for true renewal.
7. River of Blood: There will be large scale bloodshed and chaos before a new order is brought to the society.

Interpretation of these Beliefs in the Contemporary Context

Many Meiteis interpret these prophecies as reflections of historical and modern challenges:

1. Symbolism of Bloodshed and Chaos

* Historical events like forced Hinduization, British colonial rule, and inter-ethnic conflicts are often linked to these prophecies.
* Contemporary political unrest and ethnic violence, particularly between the Meiteis and other indigenous groups, mirror these warnings, reinforcing a narrative of existential threat.

2. Opening the Eastern Gate

* Represents the revival of Meitei identity through cultural reclamation, including the resurgence of Sanamahism and Meitei Mayek.
* Suggests a realignment of Manipur’s cultural and economic ties with Southeast Asia, reflecting pre-colonial trade and historical connections.

3. Closing the Western Gate

* Symbolizes resistance against external religious, political, and cultural influences perceived as threats to Meitei heritage.
* Reinforces a desire for self-determination and an emphasis on reclaiming lost traditions and autonomy.

The Risks of Rigid Eschatological Interpretations

While eschatological beliefs can offer hope and identity, a rigid and exclusivist interpretation can have dangerous consequences:

1. Exclusionary and Divisive Thinking

* The Meitei eschatological narrative, if interpreted narrowly, may reinforce a sense of Meitei exceptionalism, leading to exclusionary perspectives on other ethnic groups in Manipur.
* A strict ‘us versus them’ mentality can exacerbate existing tensions between Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other indigenous communities.

2. Radicalization and Violence

* Apocalyptic prophecies predicting large-scale bloodshed can be misused to justify political or militant movements.
* Historical parallels can be drawn with groups that have misinterpreted eschatology to justify radical actions, such as the Ghost Dance movement among Native Americans or ISIS’s apocalyptic vision of Islamic extremists who have suffered devastating losses.

3. Psychological Impact

* The expectation of inevitable violence fosters a fatalistic mindset that discourages peaceful resolution and coexistence.
* Younger generations exposed to these narratives may internalize a siege mentality, increasing susceptibility to radical ideologies.

A Balanced Approach to Eschatology

To ensure that eschatological beliefs do not contribute to division, a more inclusive and symbolic interpretation is needed. Key considerations include:

1. Recognizing Shared Human Themes

* Almost all religious eschatological beliefs emphasize moral decline, divine judgment, the triumph of good over evil, and eventual renewal.
* This universality suggests that such beliefs are more about human fears and aspirations than historical inevitability.

2. Encouraging Ethical and Constructive Action

* Instead of viewing bloodshed as an inevitability, these prophecies should be interpreted as cautionary tales urging moral responsibility.
* Social justice, environmental conservation, and inter-ethnic dialogue should be seen as proactive measures to prevent catastrophe rather than succumb to it.

3. Emphasizing Coexistence and Cultural Harmony

* The balance of Salai Taret (seven clans) and Lai Taret (seven deities) should be understood as a call for social harmony, not exclusion.
* The revival of Meitei culture should be approached inclusively, respecting the diverse communities in Manipur.

Conclusion

Meitei eschatological beliefs, when interpreted inclusively, can serve as a guiding philosophy for cultural revival and social harmony rather than a source of ethnic division. The prophecies about bloodshed and chaos should be viewed as warnings, not mandates. By adopting a balanced perspective—one that values heritage while embracing coexistence—Meitei eschatology can become a force for unity rather than conflict.

Call to Action

The Puyas offer valuable lessons for contemporary society:

1) Unity Through Shared Heritage: Emphasizing ancestral wisdom and communal harmony.
2) Environmental Stewardship : A reminder to protect nature and prevent ecological collapse.
3) Moral and Just Governance: Advocating leadership rooted in justice and compassion.

By reinterpreting these beliefs constructively, the Meitei community can embrace renewal without succumbing to the pitfalls of exclusivism and conflict. Eschatology should inspire growth, not division, ensuring that cultural revival aligns with peace and coexistence.