Research methodology & writing a dissertation in English literature
(UG-NEP 2020)
- Part 1 -

Dr Elangbam Hemanta Singh *

Research methodology in English literature involves selecting a research topic, reviewing relevant literature, choosing an appropriate theoretical framework, and analyzing texts critically. Under NEP-2020, students are encouraged to develop analytical and interpretative skills, engage with interdisciplinary approaches, and use digital resources.

A dissertation requires a clear thesis statement, structured arguments, proper citations (MLA/APA), and coherence in writing. Primary and secondary sources should be critically examined, and plagiarism must be avoided. The conclusion should summarize findings and suggest further research possibilities. Effective time management and regular consultation with guides ensure quality research output.

Basic concept of research and terminology involved: Research is a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, or revising knowledge within a particular field. It follows a structured methodology, involving observation, hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis, and conclusion.

Research can be broadly classified into qualitative and quantitative types, with mixed methods combining both approaches. Key terminologies include hypothesis (a testable prediction), methodology (the framework guiding research design), variables (dependent and independent), and validity (accuracy of results).

Creswell (2018) defines research as a "systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to increase understanding of a phenomenon." Kothari (2004) emphasizes the importance of scientific methods in ensuring objectivity and reproducibility.

Ethical considerations, such as informed consent and data integrity, play a crucial role in credible research. Secondary sources like Cohen et al. (2018) provide insights into research paradigms, aiding scholars in structuring and validating their studies.

Basic Concept of Research in English Literature: Research in English literature involves the systematic study of literary texts, historical contexts, critical theories, and cultural influences. It encompasses various methodologies, including textual analysis, comparative literature, and theoretical criticism.

Key terminologies include hermeneutics (interpretation of texts), intertextuality (relationships between texts), narratology (study of narrative structures), and close reading (detailed textual analysis). Abrams and Harpham (2015) who highlight that the literary research often engages with primary sources (original texts) and secondary sources (critical interpretations and scholarly articles).

Literary theory plays a significant role, with approaches such as formalism, structuralism, post colonialism, and feminism guiding textual analysis. Eagleton (1996) emphasizes that research in literature is not only about textual meaning but also about its ideological and historical contexts. Research methods include archival research, discourse analysis, and reader-response criticism, all contributing to a deeper understanding of literary works.

Basic Types of Research: Research in English literature can be broadly categorized into theoretical, analytical, historical, and comparative research. Theoretical research explores literary theories, such as structuralism, feminism, or postcolonialism (Eagleton, 1996). Analytical research involves close reading and textual interpretation (Abrams & Harpham, 2015).

Historical research examines texts within their socio-cultural and historical contexts (Wellek & Warren, 1949). Comparative research studies literary works across different cultures, languages, or time periods (Damrosch, 2003). These methods help scholars develop critical insights into literature's meaning, evolution, and impact.

Basic Tools of Research: Research in English literature relies on various tools, including primary sources (original literary texts), secondary sources (critical essays, journal articles, and scholarly books), and bibliographic databases (MLA International Bibliography, JSTOR). Theoretical frameworks such as feminism, structuralism, or postcolonialism (Eagleton, 1996) which guide textual analysis.

Digital archives and linguistic corpora (e.g., Project Gutenberg, EEBO) support historical and stylistic research (McGann, 1991). Citation tools like MLA and Chicago Style ensure academic integrity (Gibaldi, 2009). These tools help researchers to develop critical perspectives and contribute original insights into literary studies.

Reference Skills including skills to use dictionaries, encyclopaedias, library catalogues net resources: Effective reference skills are essential for literary research, involving the ability to use dictionaries, encyclopaedias, library catalogues, and online resources.

Literary dictionaries, such as The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms (Baldick, 2015), aid in understanding critical concepts, while encyclopaedias like The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism (Groden et al., 2005) provide comprehensive theoretical insights.

Library catalogues (e.g., WorldCat) and databases (JSTOR, Project MUSE) enhance research efficiency. Digital literacy skills are crucial for evaluating credible web sources (Beck & Manuel, 2008). Mastering these tools ensures accurate referencing and scholarly rigor in literary studies.

Stating and Defending a Research Proposal: A research proposal in English literature outlines a study's objectives, significance, methodology, and theoretical framework. It must present a clear research question, justify its relevance, and engage with existing scholarship (Murray, 2017). Defending a proposal involves demonstrating its feasibility, originality, and contribution to literary studies (Booth et al., 2016).

Researchers must critically engage with primary and secondary sources while addressing potential challenges. Strong argumentation, proper citation (MLA/Chicago), and methodological clarity enhance credibility (Gibaldi, 2009). A well-structured proposal establishes the foundation for rigorous academic inquiry and meaningful literary analysis.

For example: Title: "The Role of Irony in Jane Austen's Social Critique: A Study of Pride and Prejudice."

Introduction: This research examines how Jane Austen employs irony as a literary device to critique gender roles and social class in Pride and Prejudice. Irony functions as both a narrative strategy and a means of social commentary, shaping character development and reader perception.

Research Questions:
1. How does Austen use irony to challenge societal norms in Regency England?
2. What is the role of irony in Elizabeth Bennet's and Mr. Darcy's character arcs?
Methodology: Primary Source: Pride and Prejudice.

Secondary Sources: Literary criticism (Eagleton, 1996; Abrams & Harpham, 2015)
Approach: Close reading, feminist and narratological analysis.
Significance: This study contributes to Austen scholarship by highlighting irony's role in shaping social critique and narrative technique.

Conceptualising and Drafting a Research Proposal: Conceptualizing a research proposal involves identifying a clear research problem, formulating objectives, and reviewing exis- ting scholarship to establish context (Murray, 2017). A strong proposal outlines the research question, methodology, theoretical frame- work, and significance (Booth et al., 2016).

Drafting requires precise structuring, logical argumentation, and proper citation (MLA/Chicago) to ensure academic rigor (Gibaldi, 2009). Researchers must engage critically with primary and secondary sources while anticipating potential challenges. A well-crafted proposal not only guides the research process but also demonstrates originality and feasibility, forming the foundation for scholarly inquiry.

An example of a Research Proposal Outline: Title: "Feminist Perspectives in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice."

Introduction: This research exa- mines the feminist undertones in Pride and Prejudice, focusing on Elizabeth Bennet's defiance of gender norms. Austen's portrayal of marriage, female agency, and social expectations reflects early feminist thought.

Research Questions:
1. How does Elizabeth Bennet challenge traditional gender roles?
2. In what ways does Austen critique the institution of marriage?
Methodology: Primary Source: Pride and Prejudice.

Secondary Sources: Feminist literary criticism (Gilbert & Gubar, 1979; Eagleton, 1996)
Approach: Close reading, feminist and historical analysis.
Significance: This study contributes to feminist literary discourse by reassessing Austen's work through a gender-focused lens.

To be continued....