TODAY -

Will new scientific breakthroughs spur the #endTB efforts?

Shobha Shukla *



Is it not a paradox if a preventable, diagnosable, treatable, and curable disease becomes a top killer? Till Covid-19 struck our world, Tuberculosis (TB) - a disease that can be prevented, diagnosed and treated - was the most deadly infectious disease worldwide. Covid-19 pandemic has also adversely impacted the fight against TB, as well as other diseases.

Not surprisingly, the latest Global TB Report 2021 paints a grim picture of the TB disease burden, with the Covid-19 pandemic acting spoilsport and further jeopardising the progress on all fronts of TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care and control.

Despite growing efforts spanning over several decades, most of the world was not able to satisfactorily prevent TB, prevent conversion of latent TB into active TB disease, diagnose the disease timely or put all those diagnosed on effective standard treatments - and most importantly, avert untimely deaths.

Why are we off-track on most TB targets?

During the Covid-19 pandemic, another global health threat that has become even more severe is of TB. We are off track on most of the global TB targets, such as, the goal to end TB by 2030 which is enshrined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or the targets of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s End TB Strategy, or promises made in the 2018 Political Declaration of the UN High-Level Meeting on TB.

We missed to deliver on TB promises for 2020

The End TB Strategy milestones for 2015-2020 aimed at a 35% reduction in the number of TB deaths and a 20% reduction in the TB incidence. However, TB deaths and incidence have reduced by only 9.2% and 11% respectively during this period. The negative impacts on TB mortality and TB incidence in 2020 are expected to become much worse in 2021 and beyond.

Will new better tools to diagnose and treat TB, zoom us towards #endTB targets?

Concerted efforts at all fronts, including scientific breakthroughs, are crucial to break the chain and end TB by 2030. Providing a glimmer of hope, several advances in the field of TB care and control were presented during the recent virtual 52nd Union World Conference on Lung Health. Here is a glimpse of some of these exciting researches for TB diagnosis and treatment:

Short, all-oral treatment for Rifampicin-resistant TB

Bern Thomas Myanga, Medical Director of Nobel prize-winning Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF or Doctors Without Borders), UK, and Chief Investigator of the TB-PRACTECAL Trial, reported results of the MSF-led first-ever multi-country, randomised, controlled clinical phase 2/3 study on the efficacy and safety of the all oral, 24-week BPaLM (bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin) regimen against the standard of care treatment for rifampicin-resistant TB. The study was conducted at 7 sites across Uzbekistan, Belarus and South Africa.

The new treatment regimen was found to be safer and more effective for patients with rifampicin-resistant TB than the current accepted standard of care that lasts for 9 to 24 months. 89% of the patients in the BPaLM group were cured, compared to 52% in the standard of care group. Tragically four patients died from TB or treatment side effects in the control group, while there were no deaths or failures in the new regimen arm. In addition, study results showed that the new drugs lead to a significantly lower rate of major side effects, with 80% of patients avoiding any major side effects compared to 40% in the control group.

Genome sequencing to identify TB strains that are likely to become drug-resistant

A study done in Peru, used genome sequencing to effectively predict strains of drug-susceptible TB that were likely to develop drug resistance in future.

Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 3000 sputum of samples of all patients presenting with TB symptoms at health centres in Lima, Peru, over a period of 17 years. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on each of these samples-whether of drug-susceptible or of drug-resistant TB. The researchers looked at drug-susceptible bacteria and aimed to identify mutations that would increase the probability of a bacteria becoming resistant in the future.

Presenting the study data, lead author Arturo Torres Ortiz, a researcher from Imperial College London, shared that, "We looked for any signs in drug-susceptible bacteria that they will become resistant in future. We identified those 'signatures' and saw that once the bacteria acquires resistance to one antibiotic, it is more likely that they will keep acquiring resistance to other antibiotics. We found that if the bacteria become resistant to isoniazid then they are upto 15 times more likely to acquire further resistance to rifampicin. We identified specific polymorphisms that can be used to make a molecular test in the future to tell us whether this drug-susceptible bacteria will become resistant in the future. This could be a potential game changer for preventing multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)."

"We found that isoniazid mono-resistance backgrounds have a much higher risk of acquiring further rifampicin resistance than susceptible backgrounds. Rapid molecular tests usually focus on rifampicin resistance, which means that isoniazid mono-resistance is missed. This result in amplification into multi-drug resistance. We thus recommend that rapid molecular tests also identify regions associated to isoniazid resistance conferring mutations.

The mutations confer “pre-resistance”. Monitoring these mutations could prevent the amplification of drug resistance in the population by targeting those bacteria more likely to become resistant”, he added.

Molecular testing for TB in children with severe pneumonia

Although TB in children commonly presents with symptoms mimicking pneumonia, its diagnosis is usually considered only if they have repeated antibiotic treatment failures or if symptoms have been present for long. Thus diagnosis of TB in kids is often missed or delayed, causing high mortality in them as they cannot access treatment because they are not diagnosed, said Dr Olivier Marcy, Research Director, University of Bordeaux. He was presenting the results of the TB Speed Pneumonia study on the yield of systematic TB molecular testing performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates and stool samples in children with severe pneumonia in countries with high TB incidence. The study investigated if offering systematic molecular testing for TB in all children with pneumonia is feasible and whether it will affect mortality.

The study was done on 1169 children aged upto 5 years, with WHO-defined severe pneumonia, enrolled in 15 hospitals from 6 high TB incidence countries- Cambodia, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia.

“Unlike adults, children below age 5 are unable to expectorate to produce sputum for molecular testing. So one has to use easier sample collection methods. We collected stool samples and nasopharyngeal aspirate samples (that involve non-invasive methods). Although taking stool samples seem rather easy in children, it takes time to collect them and it is not as easy as the other option. We could collect nasopharyngeal aspirate samples in 97% children and stool samples in 81% children. Molecular testing of stool samples and nasopharyngeal aspirates was done using Gene Xpert Ultra. 8.0% of the children with severe pneumonia were diagnosed with TB in the intervention arm”, informed Marcy.

“These are important findings. Although we have more and more data that TB is frequent in children with pneumonia, the guidelines and clinical practices are not taking this information into consideration. So we need to have better tools to detect TB in this group. Getting nasopharyngeal aspirates from them is not difficult. So it is important to convince doctors around the world that they can use this technique to diagnose TB in children”, he emphasized.

Artificial Intelligence based automatic detection system to improve diagnostic accuracy for active TB

Scientists at Shenzhen Zhying Medical Imaging in Guangdong, China, have developed an automated detection system based on artificial intelligence (AI) for screening active TB disease on CT images.

They conducted a study to test the accuracy of this detection system that can automatically read DICOM CT images to diagnose active TB disease and also differentiate between TB and pneumonia. This AI-based system, followed with a self-organized clustering algorithm in the study was found to accurately diagnose active TB disease during its earlier stages, and distinguish between active TB disease and non-active TB (i.e. pneumonia and normal cases). It simplifies the diagnosis process and lays a solid foundation for AI in CT diagnosis of active TB disease in a large-scale clinical application.

The sensitivity and specificity for artificial intelligence are very high (0.935 and 0.971 respectively), which show that the AI-tool performs well for diagnosis of active TB disease and differential diagnosis of active TB disease and pneumonia. It can be implemented with minimal need for human intervention. However, while presenting results of this study, Dr Fleming Lure investigator of the study cautioned that, “AI can function as a second pair of eyes. It does not replace the humans but provides references for healthcare professionals to make a final diagnosis. Also, this small study lays good groundwork for the future of AI in the large clinical evaluations and simplify the diagnosis process”.

109 months are left to end TB worldwide: will new tools be pivotal?

The fight to end TB is a human rights imperative. We have to use all existing tools to prevent, diagnose and treat TB rationally and to maximal potential, as well as, fully fund the research and development of new and better tools - and - also ensure that new tools are rolled out and reach the people in-need as soon as possible without any delay.


* Shobha Shukla wrote this article for e-pao.net
The writer is the award-winning founding Managing Editor and Executive Director of CNS (Citizen News Service) and is a feminist, health and development justice advocate.
She is a former senior Physics faculty of prestigious Loreto Convent College and current Coordinator of Asia Pacific Regional Media Alliance for Health and Development (APCAT Media).
Follow her on Twitter @shobha1shukla or visit www.bit.ly/ShobhaShukla
This article was webcasted on November 05 2021.



* Comments posted by users in this discussion thread and other parts of this site are opinions of the individuals posting them (whose user ID is displayed alongside) and not the views of e-pao.net. We strongly recommend that users exercise responsibility, sensitivity and caution over language while writing your opinions which will be seen and read by other users. Please read a complete Guideline on using comments on this website.




LATEST IN E-PAO.NET
  • 31st Governor Cup Polo Tournament : Gallery
  • Violence in Manipur 2023-2025 : Timeline
  • PM welcome to Manipur: Feel the reality
  • Kainkhol wins best Social Message Film Award
  • Distortion of facts: Manipur sports movement
  • Govt services reach Manipur's tribal villages
  • 134th Durand Cup Trophies Flag Off
  • COVID-19: Update 05 July 2025 : Manipur
  • How to take care of oily skin in monsoon
  • First-Ever Tripura Esports Championship
  • Konung Kang Chingba #1 : Gallery
  • Manipur Iskcon's 25th Ratha Yatra 2025
  • Native Threshing machine made for farmers
  • COVID-19: Update 04 July 2025 : Manipur
  • Riso Ejang: Youth-led Transformation
  • Include males too in addressing HPV
  • Whispers from the past :: Poem
  • LPU opens permanent outreach centre
  • Raj Bhavan moving on the right track
  • Speculations over PM Modi's visit to state
  • Colonial Knowledge Production in NE #7
  • Make Yourself Visible to Opportunity
  • Orange bowl: tradition with ecological wisdom
  • 10 ways to keep a kitchen garden disease free
  • Between PR, military mandates & AFSPA
  • Allocation fund for MLALAD Fund during PR
  • Denounces Killing of KNA Deputy C-in-C
  • COVID-19: Update 03 July 2025 : Manipur
  • Cases of fake Aadhaar cards
  • Sincere dealing must for stricter Aadhaar
  • Archaeology: Culture of Manipur : Booklet
  • Wanna be a singer? Get Botox
  • A Central institute in Manipur
  • Nagging in the name of love
  • COVID-19: Update 02 July 2025 : Manipur
  • 'Benefits' of Indira's Emergency
  • Social Stigma :: Poem
  • Inking a peace pact: Why, how: SoO quagmire
  • Van Mahotsav under shadow of declining forest
  • 11th Th Kishan Memorial Lecture : Gallery
  • Shinthoibi, Jangvei, Tamphaton : eMing
  • Manipur crisis & the Left media's blind spot
  • COVID-19: Update 01 July 2025 : Manipur
  • Bombom RK : Musclemania Universe NYC
  • The Grief :: Poem
  • Music Concert & Quiz (MCQ) 2.0
  • SoO agreement unlikely to be scrapped
  • Regulating use of plastic carry bags
  • Mera Houchongba @Kangla #4 : Gallery
  • International Day of Yoga @JNMDA : Gallery
  • BD Behring: The inimitable Gentleman I knew
  • Violence in the name of patriotism : Misguided
  • Daily oral vs long-acting injectable for HIV
  • COVID-19: Update 30 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Smile :: Poem
  • Why was President's Rule imposed ?
  • BJP under pressure to forge unity
  • Kang @Leikai in Imphal : Gallery
  • July Calendar for Year 2025 : Tools
  • COVID-19 : A recurring crisis in Manipur
  • DC Kaith and Forestry in Manipur : Book
  • COVID-19: Update 29 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Longing for Peace :: Poem
  • Black badge, slogan protest by peeved scribes
  • Present the true picture before Delhi
  • Pung-Cholom @ Polo Tournament : Gallery
  • Life: A Journey Through Thought & Being
  • Khongjai Hills & Kuki claim to indigeneity
  • Master Time by Managing Information
  • COVID-19: Update 28 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Pride & patriotism in CCpur's army families
  • The Power of Poppy - 87 :: Poem
  • World Decarbonisation Day: green environment
  • Welcome Home - Nganthoi #2 : Gallery
  • Loss of two precious lives from Manipur
  • Balancing civil liberties with public safety
  • COVID-19: Update 27 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Gender equality & human rights are indivisible
  • Stay hydrated this summer season
  • Silent Half of the Sun :: Poem
  • Connecting the dots in the wishlist
  • Assembly record tampering claims by ex-CM
  • The immortal legacy of Pukhramba Kajao
  • International Day against Drug Abuse 2025
  • COVID-19: Update 26 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Black pottery from Ukhrul - tribal heritage
  • Program on "Mission-Drug Free Campus"
  • Play makes a better world
  • Urgent Appeal to the Honourable MLAs
  • Tribal Empowerment Campaign at CCpur
  • Talk doing the round: PM to come
  • 'Emergency' relief for under-fire BJP
  • Golden Jubilee Art Fair @Imphal : Gallery
  • Declaration: Meetei People Convention, Delhi
  • A Flower Among the Rocks :: Review
  • Book Donation Campaign
  • Improved road connectivity boosts livelihoods
  • To Have Great Dreams :: Poem
  • COVID-19: Update 25 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Regret vs Sorry: Technical & moral insight
  • Cocktail of inept Govt, selfish people
  • State trailing others in cleanliness
  • Colonial Knowledge in NE India #6
  • UHI effect & rising temperatures in Manipur
  • Frequent road blockades cripple economy
  • COVID-19: Update 24 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Unite Health with Community health services
  • NSU, Imphal, tops IIRF Ranking 2025
  • Endless conflict :: Poem
  • Pak nobel pish prize for Trump
  • May 3, 2023 - June 24, 2025: Failure of Delhi
  • Hotter days, sudden rainfall no more a rarity
  • "The Great June Uprising" #2 : Gallery
  • How to Build a Career, Lead with Purpose
  • 2nd Foundation Day- Karnataka Meitei Assn
  • COVID-19: Update 23 June 2025 : Manipur
  • NSCN-IM Amnesty threatens to isolate it
  • Sunset :: Poem
  • Intl Yoga Day for a healthier environment
  • Of clogged drains and plastics
  • Poor roads testify Govt indifference
  • Welcome Home - Nganthoi #1 : Gallery
  • The Silent Erosion of Manipuri Language
  • Design health services around people
  • Serene Hills Host Inspiring Int'l Yoga Day
  • COVID-19: Update 22 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Chopper services between Senapati & Imphal
  • High Court Judges interacted with convicts
  • Redyeing the Fabric :: Poem
  • Differences yet to be resolved stand
  • Border fencing rage as solution eludes
  • Radio E-pao: 14 new songs updated
  • Climate Adaptive Agroforestry
  • Manipur overlooked demographic shifts
  • Young designers shine on Fashion Stage
  • COVID-19: Update 21 June 2025 : Manipur
  • International Day of Yoga at Lamphelpat
  • International Day of Yoga at JNMDA
  • The Power of Poppy - 86 :: Poem
  • Keishampat Lairembi Haraoba #1 : Gallery
  • Crisis in Manipur's Contemporary Education
  • Best 8 Performances in Manipuri Cinema
  • Identity: Caught between China & India ?
  • COVID-19: Update 20 June 2025 : Manipur
  • To The Father Who Listens :: Poem
  • How does net suspension affect youths ?
  • Targeting farmers to cripple state's economy
  • The virus is back and spreading
  • Who is afraid of Manipur ?
  • A threatened lily growing at Shirui Hills
  • World Environment Day in Manipur : Gallery
  • Ambubachi Mela at Maa Kamakhya
  • COVID-19: Update 19 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Dolls made from repurposed vegetable refuse
  • Condemns Attack on Farmer & Killing
  • Abhorrent politics of SoO
  • Police arrogance on harmless drivers
  • "The Great June Uprising" #1 : Gallery
  • Solution from Buddhist & Jain perspectives
  • AI sparks employment concerns in Manipur
  • Greatest Foe :: Poem
  • Chief Justice at Relief Camp, Kangpokpi
  • Call for Recognition of a 3rd Category of IDPs
  • Jun 18, 2001- May 3, 2023: Seed of violence
  • Contract scam in hill districts
  • Colonial Knowledge in NE India #5
  • Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida! : Rvw
  • Condemns the Killing of Abdul Qadir
  • COVID-19: Update 17 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Thoubal aspirant makes Manipur proud
  • Tamenglong hospital brings quality healthcare
  • Chief Justice at Relief Camp, Mayang Imphal
  • Kuki CM & Sixth Schedule
  • Selective protests, selective silence
  • Nailing the culprits need of the hour
  • UK Meetei diaspora run for Myanmar : Gallery
  • Erwin Khundrakpam : NEET-UG 2025 topper
  • Will we rise to #endAIDS challenge or stumble
  • COVID-19: Update 16 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Appeal to Prime Minister: Manipur Crisis
  • Urges Action on Misinformation
  • Condolences : 2 young cabin crew
  • Grateful To Be Alive :: Poem
  • Making bonfire on the roads
  • Aggression yet again, inspite of playing victim
  • Aftermath of flooding @ Khurai #2 : Gallery
  • Zomia, geopolitics, & the struggle for unity
  • COVID-19: Update 15 June 2025 : Manipur
  • Condolences : Demise of 2 Manipuri Girls
  • Manipur unites in grief after Air India tragedy
  • Hail arms recovery as step toward peace
  • Cleanliness Drive at JNIMS Campus
  • Global Wind Day for a clean environment
  • First came the rain, then the heat
  • Rise in Covid-19 cases
  • Thang-Ta Day @Khuman Lampak #3 : Gallery
  • Meetei diaspora in UK runs for Myanmar victim
  • Manipur empower children with disabilities
  • COVID-19: Update 14 June 2025 : Manipur
  • World Blood Donor Day 2025
  • The Power of Poppy - 85 :: Poem
  • A Northeast Gin Makes Its Mark
  • Mera Houchongba @Kangla #3 : Gallery
  • Saluting Nganthoi, Lamnunthem : Joining hand
  • Condolence : Nganthoi & Lamnunthem
  • 50 years of Pebet #2 : Gallery
  • Indo-Naga Talks (From 2012) :: Timeline
  • Colonial Knowledge in NE India #4
  • Namphake Monastery @ Dibrugarh : Gallery
  • Protest @Checkon -AT arrest [Jun 9] : Gallery
  • Protests - AT arrest [Jun 8 night] : Gallery
  • Aftermath of flooding @ Khurai #1 : Gallery
  • /li>
  • Flooding at JNIMS Hospital #2 : Gallery
  • North East NSS Festival @ MU : Gallery
  • 27th Meira Paibi Numit : Gallery
  • Trump's tariff legacy & its global echo
  • Flooding at JNIMS Hospital #1 : Gallery
  • Flooding Imphal East [31 May] #3 : Gallery
  • Flooding Imphal East [31 May] #2 : Gallery
  • Flooding Imphal East [31 May] #1 : Gallery
  • S Nirupama @Miss Universe : Gallery
  • Protesters to Raj Bhavan [May 25]: Gallery
  • Human Chain @Airport road [May 26]: Gallery
  • Miss Shirui Pageant Contestant: Gallery
  • 48 hrs Bandh: protest security forces: Gallery
  • Protest Rally: Journalist harassment: Gallery
  • HSLC 2025: Full Result (Check Roll No)
  • HSLC 2025: Important Info & Grading System
  • HSLC 2025 : Compartmental candidates
  • HSLC 2025 : Comparative Statement
  • HSLC 2025 : Statistical Abstract
  • HSLC 2025 : District Pass Percentage
  • HSLC 2025 : Govt School Pass %
  • HSLC 2025 : Aided School Pass %
  • HSLC 2025 : Private School Pass %
  • People's Convention on 3rd May #2 : Gallery
  • Featured Front Page Photo 2025 #2: Gallery
  • Riya Khwairakpam : HSE Science Topper
  • Keisham Hannah : HSE Arts Topper
  • Warepam Lidia : HSE Commerce Topper
  • HSE 2025 Result : Science Full Result
  • HSE 2025 Result : Arts Full Result
  • HSE 2025 Result : Commerce Full Result
  • HSE 2025 Information / Abbreviation
  • HSE 2025 Topper : Science
  • HSE 2025 Topper : Arts
  • HSE 2025 Topper : Commerce
  • HSE 2025 : Pass Percentage
  • HSE 2025 : Result Abstract
  • HSE 2025 : Candidates with Highest Marks
  • Ougri Lirol :: Part 1 : Ooba Video
  • President's Rule in Manipur : 1967 - 2025
  • Downloadable Manipuri Calendar :: 2025