TODAY -

Promoting Chakhao : A strategic approach to marketing Manipur's unique Black Rice

Dr Leishangthem Jeebit Singh / Dr Gayatri Khangjarakpam *

 Chakhao (Black Rice)
Chakhao (Black Rice) :: Pix - TSE



Introduction

Chakhao, frequently referred to as black aromatic rice or simply black or purple rice, possesses a significant legacy within Manipur's agricultural history. It has the capacity to dramatically transform the socio-economic landscape of this agrarian State.

In Manipur, Chakhao translates to "tasty rice" (with 'Chak' representing rice and 'ahaoba' indicating delicious). From a scientific perspective, it falls under the Oryzasativa L. species and represents a variety of popular rice that we consume.

This medium- duration rice variety typically matures within 120 days and thrives best in upland environment, exhibi- ting considerable resistance to drought and pests. The unique characteristics of this crop are thought to be closely tied to the soil conditions and untouched natu- ral environment of Manipur.

Despite the lower yield when compared to standard paddy, it can command a higher market price due to its inherent values. It still remains an integral component of conventional Meetei feasts. Upon cooking, this special rice variety undergoes a colour transition from dark purple to black, thanks to the intensity of its outer bran layer. Nutritionally, it stands out as a superior choice endowed with abundant fibre, antioxidants, and anthocyanins. The health index of black or purple rice surpasses that of both white and brown rice, owing to its higher concentration of vitamins and minerals.

It hence earns the title of a 'super food' with its high nutritional profile. It emits a mild nutty aroma and flavour while being naturally free of gluten. With low amylase content, it possesses a sticky or glutinous texture due to the high amylopectin presence.

Despite the rising awareness and demand, the traditional means of production may fall short of meeting the future demand. To fully unlock the potential of this less- commercialized super-food, targeted interventions in research, marketing, and consumer education about this produce are urgently needed. An exploration of the numerous avenues where such interventions could be beneficial for its growth is discussed further.

Importance of Geographical Indication

Geographical Indication (GI) serves as an internationally authorized regime for intellectual property rights that provide legal protection for a multitude of products, ranging from artisan cheeses to fruits and handicrafts. The Indian Parliament in 1999 enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act to implement heightened protection and registration of geographical indications concerning goods.

The Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks, who also serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications, administers this Act from the Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. GI protection covers products that originate from specific geographical areas and safeguards them against use for products not originating from that region. Such protection has profound implications for both consumers and producers.

It allows consumers to differentiate goods produced in a particular geographical region from others, thereby averting misleading information. Essentially, this intellectual property right aims to protect GIs, allowing enterprises in the designated area to prevent others from using the indication. Specific logos aid in differentiating GI products from non-GI ones.

GIs can potentially benefit producers by increasing the competitiveness and price of their goods, essentially providing a legitimate ground for trade and commercial benefits. For instance, the Indian Government has recently given the 'Chakhao' or 'Manipur Black Rice' a Geographical Indication Registration (GI No. 602 dt. 20/4/2020) under the Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, in recognition of its unique qualities. This GI registration aims to heighten consumer awareness of the distinctive grain, potentially leading to increased demand.

Health benefits of consuming Chakhao

Chakhao's multifaceted health advantages are part of its unique appeal, drawing global attention among those conscious of their dietary decisions. Producers and marketers must represent these advantages accurately to prevent misrepresentations and potential legal implications. Specific benefits linked to its consumption are as follows:

1. Cancer Risk Reduction : Its rich anthocyanin content provides potent antioxidant effects, combating cellular damage from reactive oxygen species. This intervention could deter carcinogenic progression.

2. Cardiovascular Health: Anthocyanins in Chakhao can mitigate endothelial plaque deposition, which often precipitates atherosclerosis and heart disorders-effectively promoting heart health and sound circulatory function.

3. Cellular Aging Deterrence : The antioxidants present obstruct the cellular aging process and slow the emergence of aging signs.

4. Diabetes and Obesity Prevention: Compared to refined carbohydrates, whole grain consumption, such as Chakhao, offers fibres, antioxidants and nutrients that interrupt rapid sugar absorption, reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. Anthocyanins further minimize starch digestion by inhibiting a-glucosidase and a-amylase, contributing to Type 2 diabetes treatment.

5. Gluten-Free: It poses no risk to those with Celiac disease, gluten intolerance, or wheat allergy, allowing digestion to proceed unimpeded.

6. Disease Prevention: Its abundant antioxidants can assist in the prevention and management of severe health conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, arthritis, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, and more.

7. Alternative Health Food: With significant contributions of dietary fibre, vitamins B and E, niacin, and minerals such as iron, calcium, manganese, zinc, it constitutes a robust dietary selection.

Distinctiveness of Chakhao among Sea of Black/Purple Rice

While there are more than 200 types of purple/black rice, primarily concentrated in Asian countries, the emphasis is needed on the popularisation of Chakhao, a distinct black rice variety. There's a looming risk of its admixture or misbranding alongside other black rice types.

Chakhao's recent GI registration offers a form of protection against such issues to a certain degree by authenticating its provenance and offering intellectual property rights to its traditional growers, ensuring that consumers receive the genuine product. However, there is always a competitive environment spurred by other black rice variants.

Thus, a pressing need exists to characterise Chakhao against these varieties distinctly on various fronts. Ranging from its unique aroma to its nutritional constituents or even its specific genetic markers, these elements serve as defining traits, differentiating Chakhao from the rest. Enhancing the Chakhao value chain provides a strategic path to develop its competitiveness favourably.

Improvement in farming practices, fostering alliances with local farmers and promoting scientific research for its variety development and post-harvest management techniques can serve as a comprehensive pillar for the same. Moreover, delving into the health benefits associated with Chakhao, such as its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties, offer an impressive appeal to health-conscious consumers.

These health benefits can act as paramount driving factors, thus expanding its potential market. Thus, promoting Chakhao's unique attributes can create a compelling narrative towards its appeal, benefiting both traders and consumers in the long run.

Research Interventions Required in Chakhao

Leveraging Chakhao's potential needs a solid scientific base, yet the current R&D on this crop is limited. Applying standard R&D methods poses a challenge due to its unique growing conditions and quality issues when cultivated else- where. This demands original research from scientists and involvement of farmers. Areas to explore for accessing Chakhao's untapped potential include:

1. Development of improved varieties: Around 20 Chakhao rice varieties, such as 'Poireiton,' 'Amubi,' 'Sempak,' and 'Arangbi' are grown in Manipur, but their low yields and susceptibility to weather conditions make them less economical. High-yielding, shorter varieties of Chakhao need to be developed using conventional or advanced breeding techniques. This should maintain or enhance the rice's unique aromatic and sticky qualities, increasing cultivation and profitability for farmers.

2. Supply of quality seeds: Quality seeds play a crucial role in enhancing crop productivity and ensuring sustainable cultivation. Current practices of seed production among farmers lack standardization, wrongly preserving seeds for subsequent seasons, and overlooking important steps like seed certification. This results in potential contamination and inconsistency. Similarly, scientific methods including rouging and storing seed grains safely against environmental factors or pests need to be standardized. Solving these issues is crucial for maintaining the genetic and physical purity of seeds.

3. Scientific package of practices: It is cultivated by traditionally without the application of synthetic agro- chemicals. There is a general experience among the farmers that the plant being a tall variety has higher lodging chances with the use of fertilizers. The farmers also lack the use of motorized implements to carry out various cultural practices.

The indigenous farmers' technology practise since time immemorial should be properly studied and improvised. Complete packages of practise from nursery preparation, land preparation, transplanting, planting, weeding, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection, etc. with a cost benefit analysis need to be developed. The package of practices for can be standardised for both conventional and organic cultivation to increase the yield without compromising the quality of the harvested grains.

4. Post harvest quality management: Postharvest losses in grains during harvest, handling, processing, and transportation can result from scattering, crushing, physico-chemical deterioration, pest infestation, and mycotoxin contamination. Understanding the supply chain and identifying causative factors at each stage is key. Important areas for postharvest quality management include:

a. Modified Milling Process: Chakhao, a unique rice variety, requires a distinct milling technique owing to its anthocyanin content and higher moisture levels. Regular milling results in nutrient loss and quality depletion. Thus, development of a new milling technology to preserve its quality is imperative.

b. Advanced Grading and Sorting: Chakhao currently lacks quality grading and suffers from inconsistency issues. Advanced AI-based grading and sorting technologies can improve efficiency and maintain high quality standard needed for global marketing.

c. Innovative Storage and Packaging: Chakhao's storage faces issues like pest infestation and environmental conditions, limiting its shelf life. New techniques for storage, packaging, moisture management, and technology specific to Chakhao's needs could extend shelf life and maintain quality-promising areas for further research.

5. Product Innovation and Development: Consumers generally have a preference for firm and non-sticky rice grains, which differs from the characteristics of Chakhao. As a result, this variety of rice is not commonly consumed on a regular basis like white rice. The unique qualities of Chakhao, including its longer cooking time and tendency to become sticky when soaked in water, may be unfamiliar to many new consumers. Hence, it becomes necessary to create value-added products that cater to the convenience needs of these new consumers.

- Developing value-added products, such as cakes, flaked rice, bread, noodles, and rice powder, to increase variety in food choices and make Chakhao a part of everyday consumption.
- Chakhao rice bran oil: Exploring the potential of rice bran oil due to its superior nutritional content. This can provide a healthy alternative to other edible oils.
- Anthocyanin extracts: Tapping into its high anthocyanin content to produce antioxidative phytochemicals. This can be used in the production of nutraceuticals, functional food products, dietary supplements, and natural dyes.

6. Waste utilisation: Waste from Chakhao rice milling like broken rice, rice germ, husks, and bran offers several reuse possibilities. Waste utilization not only benefits environment but also adds economic value.

- Rice husk: Can be converted into fuel, used for electricity production, soil fertilization, animal feed, among other uses.
- Broken rice: Utilized in the production of value-added food products such as flour.
- Rice bran: Rich in vitamins and ?-oryzanol, it's an ideal ingredient for pastries and baked goods; also used to produce defatted rice bran and edible rice bran wax.

Marketing Strategies

Marketing includes understanding customer needs, developing products to meet those needs, setting a profitable and attractive price, and placing the product where the customer can easily buy it. It also includes informing customers about the product and overseeing the entire sales process. Crucially, marketing involves highlighting a product's unique features, requiring product positioning.

Below are some interventions to enhance the marketing:

1. Promotion: Encourage familiarity with Chakhao outside of Manipur through targeted campaigns showcasing its nutritional and economic benefits. This can be achieved via media adverts, featuring as a special delicacy in restaurants, and through demonstrations.

2. Quality Standards: Implement strict quality parameters after harvesting, including sorting and grading grains. Improve product packaging for consumer convenience.

3. Marketing Linkages: Create a robust supply chain including farmers, traders, processors, and consumers. Partnerships with relevant associations and private sectors can help in distribution and premium pricing.

4. Infrastructure: Construct rice processing factories and improve transportation for easier distribution. Support millers with high-tech and efficient rice milling equipment and provide maintenance training.

5. Training: Provide comprehensive training on benefits of Chakhao, innovative rice production technologies, and post-production handling techniques. Encourage group plantations and train value addition actors.

6. Government Policies: Implement policies to reduce black rice importation, offer subsidies on farming necessities, and promote special incentives to expand in the export market. Provide assistance with loans, product certifications, and licences to rice processors. Establish seed production sites, support millers with appropriate packaging materials, and improve storage practices.

Challenges in Promoting and Marketing

1. Lack of Awareness: A major challenge is the lack of awareness about Chakhao outside of Manipur. The various health and nutritional benefits of this rice need to be projected to the larger consumer population. Overcoming this requires targeted promotional activities.

2. Quality Management: Ensuring and maintaining quality standards is another challenge. After harvest, the grain product must be sorted and graded according to quality standards. This process can be difficult and time-consuming.

3. Market Linkages: Establishment of a value chain is crucial - from the farmer to the processor to the consumer. Without clear linkages, the product may not reach the desired consumer base.

4. Infrastructure: Infrastructure, such as adequate processing facilities and effective transportation systems, is often insufficient, hindering the production and distribution processes.

5. Training: Farmers and processors may lack the required knowledge or skills to effectively grow, process, and market the product. Capacity-building efforts are therefore essential.

6. Competition: The market might be flooded with other black rice varieties, posing a threat of misbranding or admixture. This stresses the need for characterization and GI registration to distinguish Chakhao from other black rice.

7. Government Policies: Inadequate government policies to support local farmers and producers, like minimum support prices or subsidies, can limit the production and marketing of Chakhao.

Addressing these challenges necessitates integrated efforts from farmers, processors, marketers, government bodies, and other stakeholders.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Chakhao, the black aromatic rice from Manipur, presents vast potential in terms of its nutritional value, health benefits, and socioeconomic implications. Leveraging its GI registration, Chakhao's distinctive properties can be used for value-addition, waste utilization, and efficient marketing.

However, for the full realization of its potential, strategic efforts such as comprehensive training, supportive government policies, maintaining quality standards, and infrastructural improvements are crucial.

This underscores the need for increased research, improved value chain, and promotion to transform this traditional crop into a globally recognized superfood, benefiting producers, consumers, and society at large.


* Dr Leishangthem Jeebit Singh / Dr Gayatri Khangjarakpam wrote this article for The Sangai Express
Dr Leishangthem Jeebit Singh, MPS Grade - II (P) and Former Agriculture Officer
Dr Gayatri Khangjarakpam, Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, CAU, Imphal
and can be contacted at jeebitsingh(AT)gmail(DOT)com
This article was webcasted on 10 November 2023.



* Comments posted by users in this discussion thread and other parts of this site are opinions of the individuals posting them (whose user ID is displayed alongside) and not the views of e-pao.net. We strongly recommend that users exercise responsibility, sensitivity and caution over language while writing your opinions which will be seen and read by other users. Please read a complete Guideline on using comments on this website.


LATEST IN E-PAO.NET
  • North East Meet on Free Flowing Rivers
  • Violence in Manipur 2023 :: News Timeline
  • Why Separate Admin can pose threat to India
  • Manipur launches 'War on Drugs', but ...
  • Pollution is an incurable disease for the Planet
  • What is the way forward ?
  • Wasting seven months
  • Hereditary Chieftainship exists only in Manipur
  • Make labour & migration safe for women
  • The Power of Poppy - 10 :: Poem
  • Medical Assistance to 4 Journalists
  • African Swine Fever- A threat to pig farming
  • Infiltration from across the border
  • Forcing to fight a losing battle
  • Relief Materials @Sawombung : Gallery
  • December Calendar for Year 2023 : Tools
  • Manipur champions 29th Natl Thang-Ta
  • Rollback of Kangpokpi District
  • India's G20 Presidency & multilateralism
  • 8th eNorth East Award 2023
  • Politics over dead bodies
  • The darker side of Kuki CSOs
  • Sagol Kangjei Esei #1 : Gallery
  • Featured Front Page Photo 2023 #5: Gallery
  • Petition to Rectify UN PR surpasses 100000
  • Workshop : Integration of Social Change
  • Homemade face packs with honey
  • Indo-Naga Talks (From 2012) :: Timeline
  • Where have the guns come from ?
  • Securing future for the next 1000 years
  • Oinam Chaoba Devi: Sepak Takraw : Gallery
  • Mirik Memories
  • Program Explores Gender & Mental Health
  • Ensuring proper sanitation as careers
  • Purul Paoki (Paddy Plantation) #2 : Gallery
  • Young Adulthood: A Blank Canvas
  • Demand for Naga Flag, Constitution are hurdle
  • Meitei Alliance officially launched [Upd]
  • Indian fisheries : The sunrise sector
  • The descent of Radha-Krishna #12: Download
  • 6th NE Fashion Week : Final Report
  • Misuse of medicines is making infections ...
  • A unique initiative by Coal & Lignite PSUs
  • Relief Materials @Moirang : Gallery
  • Plant disease management in organic farming
  • AMEA - 40th foundation day
  • HPV Vaccination Services launched
  • 40th Foundation Day AMEA : Gallery
  • 43rd Foundation - Manipur Women's college
  • Is Myanmar on the brink of 'breaking apart'
  • Guideline for preparation of UPSC exams
  • Art Exhibition: RKCS Art Museum #3 : Gallery
  • Growing call to find all TB to stop TB
  • Ethnic strife in Manipur :: Poem
  • Meitei 'Tribal', almost ST now
  • Honouring tribal tradition and pride
  • Questions on sticking to SoO
  • Pinning hopes on justice delivery system
  • Naga-Kuki Clash 1992-94
  • Volcanoes of India
  • Climate in 2023, a tipping point for crisis
  • Day 3: 6th NE Fashion Week
  • Photography & Creative Writing Contest
  • Time to go after the big fishes
  • Political insensitivity to suffering of citizens
  • Interview : Ayekpam Maipak (Sepak Takraw)
  • Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival
  • Technologies in veterinary extension services
  • National Integration & Social Harmony
  • Paradox of ignorance & quest for knowledge
  • More than sighting a flying object
  • Seeking central help to end conflict
  • Relief Materials @Phubala : Gallery
  • Adolescence Crisis
  • European Higher Education Virtual Fair
  • Day 2: 6th NE India Fashion Week
  • Will govts firewall health from Big Tobacco
  • Missed call campaign from MTU
  • Questioning the legitimacy of Kuki history
  • The descent of Radha-Krishna #11: Download
  • For Whom the Bell Toll ?
  • Cancer Awareness at Imphal East
  • Winter Relief for IDPs at Moirang
  • Licypriya to miss UN Climate in Dubai
  • Careers related to controlling diabetes
  • Relief Materials @Sawombung : Gallery
  • Those responsible for 'removal' of RN Ravi...
  • Relief Distribution at Sawombung
  • JAC against Brutal Killing of Birchandra
  • National Lok Adalat at Lamphelpat
  • India's UPI: Global front-runner in digital
  • The ill-logic of ITLF's self-rule declaration
  • Frustrated call for 'self rule'
  • Sonia Khundrakpam: Yuva Puraskar Award
  • Moirangthem Nilamani: Lifetime Achievement
  • The Power of Poppy - 9 :: Poem
  • Maipak Inka: 1st Inpui Christian Convert
  • Cancer Awareness & Screening at Thoubal
  • World Diabetes Day 2023
  • The self-rule ultimatum of ITLF
  • Debate over ST for Meiteis demand
  • Designate Moreh as a Special Admin Zone
  • Relief Distribution at Keibi Heikakmapal
  • Black Rice & Glycemic Index
  • Innovative nanofertilizer for green agriculture
  • Art Exhibition: RKCS Art Museum #2 : Gallery
  • Surviving Pre-adolescence
  • Ride Against Narco Conspiracy
  • 15th Manipur State Film Award 2023 Results
  • In the stillness of night :: Poem
  • Skincare essentials for travellers
  • Dark Diwali & Fasting Chakkouba
  • Killing two birds with one stone ?
  • Morning : Mera Houchongba #1 : Gallery
  • Ningol Chakouba Funds to Support IDPs
  • A book & a story for the kids
  • World Diabetes Day - 2023
  • Burning hay is suicidal for farmers
  • NCC Car Rally - Nagaland Leg
  • Tasks before the Government
  • The sound of silence - missing teens
  • Tangkhul legends & Tenimiyas
  • Catch them Young! Early Childhood
  • Merciless November :: Poem
  • Free Eye Camp on diabetic retinopathy
  • Ningol Chakkouba or Chakkoudaba
  • Internal displacement, not separation
  • An indication to road ahead
  • Manipuri Student in Bangladesh : Gallery
  • Meeting with SABF, NID & CCU Taiwan
  • Livelihoods Development Program for IDPs
  • NSUD Diamond Jubilee Celebration at Delhi
  • Sleep :: T Lingcholi Sangtam
  • Disaster Management as Career
  • Mass rally demanding NRC #2 : Gallery
  • Licypriya appears in CBSE textbook
  • Mapam Lamdam Chatnatha :: Poem
  • Absurd rebuttal of Shimray
  • Rebuttal to article "Meitei's exclusion"
  • Writing India's growth with logistics efficiency
  • A place of pride on the medals tally
  • Time for India to rethink on its balancing act
  • Promoting Chakhao : Manipur's Black Rice
  • Truly powerhouse of sports : Manipur
  • Scholarship for Nursing & Paramedical
  • Legal Services Day & Commendation
  • Cancer Awareness at MU
  • Digital Library for the benefit of students
  • Drop the two Ministers
  • The bane of prolonging internet shutdown
  • Interview with Shanglakpam Nilakanta
  • Successful fruiting of Thailand Yongchak
  • 5 selected to attend 54th Intl Film Fest
  • Know your pest : Spiralling Whitefly
  • Flagging off ceremony of Mobile Van
  • World food India 2023 & beyond
  • Disturbing writings on the wall
  • At odds with the SoO pact
  • Guard of honour: Anand Kumar #2 : Gallery
  • Relief Services @Serou : Gallery
  • 6th North East India Fashion Week
  • Know more about canine parvovirus
  • Preventing Exploitation of Environment in War
  • Missing : The thread that connects
  • The right way to deal with miscreants
  • Hope Fest, for people displaced #2 : Gallery
  • The Power of Poppy - 8 :: Poem
  • Tokhu Emong: Post Harvest Fest of Lotha
  • Mizoram: AAP leaders from Nagaland ..
  • Theatre Workshop & Book Review
  • Hand-over Moreh to Army
  • Manipur needs to come to her senses
  • Capitalising on Manipur crisis
  • Mass rally demanding NRC #1 : Gallery
  • The Sentinelese, World's Lonely Tribe
  • Mental Health and our Environment
  • Condemns Committee's Highhandedness
  • Beauty tips for the perfect Diwali look
  • Lying for a lost cause
  • Is internet ban the answer ?
  • The descent of Radha-Krishna #10: Download
  • The last gaze- makes millions weep :: Poem
  • Which is responsible- greed or grievance
  • Felicitation of Awangbow Newmai
  • Let's safeguard our heritage through AV
  • Garo Language in Eighth Schedule
  • Mera Houchongba #2 : Gallery
  • Time's ceaseless voyage :: Poem
  • Vegetable/ fish IFS by using water tank
  • World Food India 2023
  • Leap for higher education in India
  • Defang the militants
  • Decoding objection to state force deployment
  • Guard of honour: Anand Kumar #1 : Gallery
  • Meira Paibis- between violence & narratives
  • Winter Relief Services : Gallery
  • Meetei ST Status: An artificial Controversy
  • The Human Mind Unravelled :: Review
  • Detecting illegal immigrants
  • Who is responsible for death of Moreh SDPO
  • Ayekpam Maipak (Sepak Takraw) : Gallery
  • Condemn cowardly killing of Moreh SDPO
  • SC Jamir recalls encounter with BK Nehru
  • Veganism- big way to save environmental
  • The essence of Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
  • Time to act with an iron fist
  • Dragging on for nearly 180 days
  • Water as cultural symbol of Meiteis
  • Condemn the brutal act at Moreh
  • The Power of Poppy - 7 :: Poem
  • Tuesday holiday not Friday !
  • Relief at Temporary Shelter Home
  • Ningthamtha changlakpagi relief camp
  • The politics of conflict : Why is AR here ?
  • Role of fringe elements in prolonging crisis
  • Chaga Ngee: Age-Old festival of Liangmai
  • Kolkata, the Roshogolla City
  • Breast Cancer Awareness at Khwairamband
  • Career for women in police
  • What to do when your dog is poisoned
  • Ensuring rule of law matters more than ever
  • Mind your common sense: Carcass in Loktak
  • Bor khoiramba @Hiyangthang #2 : Gallery
  • When will we start caring for our caregivers?
  • For those who stood :: Poem
  • Meetei exclusion from ST- queer controversy
  • Visit to relief camps : Gallery
  • Signature campaign: Rectify UN press release
  • Winter Relief @ Kakching : Gallery
  • Tarpon chaklen @Andro #1 : Gallery
  • 4th Rongmei Freshers' Meet (Delhi)
  • Shanglakpam Nilakanta (Hockey) : Gallery
  • Rally against Narco-Terrorism #4 : Gallery
  • Students Murder Protest [Sep 27] #3 : Gallery
  • Students Murder Protest [Sep 26] #3 : Gallery
  • Help for injured students : Gallery
  • Collective fund for injured students
  • Students Murder Protest [Sep 27] #2 : Gallery
  • Students Murder Protest [Sep 26] #2 : Gallery
  • Students Murder Protest [Sep 27] #1 : Gallery
  • Protesters & AR @Pallel #2: Gallery
  • Rebuttal: EGI Fact-finding Mission Report
  • List of Kings of Manipur: 33 - 1984 AD
  • Model of Spelling-bee Competition
  • HSLC 2023 :: Top 25 Rank Holders
  • HSLC 2023 :: Subject Topper
  • HSLC 2023 :: Full Result
  • HSLC 2023 :: Compartmental Result
  • HSLC 2023 :: Pass % : Govt Schools
  • HSLC 2023 :: Pass % : Private Schools
  • HSLC 2023 :: Pass % : Aided Schools
  • HSE 2023 Toppers :: Science
  • HSE 2023 Toppers :: Arts
  • HSE 2023 Toppers :: Commerce
  • From May 3, 1993 to the present
  • COVID-19 : Impact in Manipur :: News Timeline
  • SPONSORED ADS